Posts Tagged ‘baby birds’

There’s a Critically Endangered Species in My Bathroom: Reason #347 to Love My Job

Posted by in Babies,Birds,Conservation

**Don’t worry, this isn’t Myspace or Facebook. You won’t see an awkward bathroom mirror self-portrait in this post.**

 

The Houston Zoo‘s Tropical Bird House is the proud home of two pairs of Micronesian Kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamomina cinnamomina) some of the most endangered birds in the world. A survey performed by USFW in 1981 showed some 3,000 Micronesian Kingfishers to be living on Guam.  By early 1985, the birds numbered a measly 50.  The remaining kingfishers were then captured from the wild and brought into captivity in an effort to save this species from complete annihilation.  What caused this massive destruction? The introduction of the Brown Tree Snake onto the island decimated all avifauna.

Unfortunately, sometimes it’s easy for me to forget that I take care of animals most people may never have an opportunity to see .  In particular, I care for one animal that is so rare, it is no longer seen in the wild. EXTINCT IN THE WILD. Those are not words to take lightly.

This spring, I was reminded of how lucky I am to be working at the Houston Zoo. Our younger pair of Micronesian Kingfishers had not only one, but two, chicks! With birds this rare, keeper staff often hand-raise the chicks, to ensure they survive and grow into healthy adults. Often, there is a trade-off with this practice, as many birds become imprinted on humans and do not grow into good breeders themselves later in life.  Kingfishers, however, are not very susceptible to imprinting upon humans, and the only difference we have noticed with hand-raised kingfishers as adults seems to be that they are the  first ones to the food in the morning.

So as it was, I found myself with two extremely rare, extremely small, extremely helpless little chicks to raise. These two chicks were 5 and 6 grams upon hatching, and it was the job of myself, and the two other Tropical Bird House keepers to feed them, day and night.

 

Our pair of Micronesian Kingfisher chicks, as seen from above, approximately one week old.

When keepers hand-raise a bird, we often have to take it home with us, as the feedings can last well into the night, and with some birds, like parrots, are a FULL time job. Thankfully, the kingfishers only require night feedings until 8 pm, and after a few weeks, can be left overnight at the zoo. Until then, however, they spend the night in my bathroom, and are fed every two hours from 6 am to 8 pm.

 

Our hand-raising station at the zoo. I promised you there would be no pictures of my bathroom.

I can almost hear you asking, “Why the bathroom?” Well, there are several reasons. First, like most zoo keepers, baby birds are not the only animals in my house, and when I take them home, I like to know there is no possible way for a Micronesian Kingfisher chick to come into contact with say, my ten year old house cat. Living in the bathroom allows the kingfishers to have two doors between them and any kind of living life form except myself. Secondly, bathrooms are easy to clean. Kingfishers are carnivores, and carnivore poop is not something I want on my carpet.

Once you get into the habit of having baby birds in your life outside of work, it become pervasive. As a younger keeper who changed apartments every year or so, I included in my new home search the idea that eventually, I may need an ideal spot to park a baby bird for the night. I can’t tell you how many friends have heard, “I have baby birds”, as the reason I can’t go out. It causes late nights and early mornings, and an enormous sense of responsibility can wakes me up several times a night to check on the chicks. Some people say it’s being a parent.

Our two chicks are almost fully grown, and have been spending their nights at the zoo for several weeks now.  This, I suppose, is the equivalent of being a parent of a college graduate. You just know they are going to go on to do great things.

 

Our male chick, 30 days old, being taught to eat on his own.

As a keeper, our version of parenthood is a little different. I’ve raised two generations and about six kingfisher chicks, and currently, our Micronesian Kingfisher pair is incubating two more eggs. Thank goodness there is no empty nest syndrome for this mom. The birds can’t afford it.

Bird Conservation in Saipan: Moving on (to a little island in the sea)

Posted by in Bird Conservation in Siapan,Birds,Endangered

One of the primary goals of this field work is to translocate some of the critically endangered Golden White-eyes to an uninhabited, predator-free island in the CNMI chain.  In the past phases of the MAC project translocations have been done with Bridled White-eyes as a trial to see how they would fair on a new island home.  The Bridled White-eye translocation was successful – the birds not only survived but nested and raised chicks on their new home.

This year we are translocating 24 Golden White-eyes from Saipan to Sarigan.  Sarigan is about 2 hours from Saipan via Helicopter.

The tiny uninhabited island of Sarigan.

The translocation is scheduled for Thursday – so for the 2 days before I poured over all the weight and size data for the White-eyes and have to choose 24 birds out of the 40 that we have to send for release.  While looking at the data, I try to choose birds that may not adapt well to captivity (because we are bringing 12 birds back to the US for captive breeding).  After several hours of looking at weights, wing, and tarsus measurements, I have picked out the 24 birds that will call Sarigan home – and as luck would have it, they turn out to be 12 males and 12 females.

Here's a little known fact about bird nerds--we LOVE spreadsheets!

The night before the release we put color bands on the birds – each bird will have a unique color band combination so that field researchers can identify them.  Once the birds are banded, they go into their special transport crates.

Removing a bird from its holding cage.

Banding the bird for release and future identification.

Good luck kisses are a vital part of the relocation program.

Early the next morning, project leader Herb Roberts, Curator of Birds at the Memphis Zoo, loads them up into the helicopter to take to their new island home.

At least the people in the helicopter had a very impressive view on the way to the white-eye’s new home.

After they landed on Sarigan, the crates are taken into the forest to let the white-eyes enjoy their new island paradise (although some of the white-eyes are a little more cautious than the otehrs).

Next spring, field researchers from DFW will come to Sarigan and look for unbanded Golden White-eyes.  Any birds without a leg band will be off-spring from the 24 that we moved.  We are very hopeful that they will breed and thus grow an ‘insurance’ population of this beautiful species that is protected from the dangers on their home island of Saipan. 

The DFW field researchers will keep look-out for a Golden White-eye nest like this one

After the release on Sarigan, we still had extra birds remaining in our care.  We originally caught 18 Rufous Fan-tails and 42 Golden White-eyes.  Since we are only taking 12 Fantails and 12 White-eyes back to the United States; we needed to choose the birds to return to their original trapping location.  After looking carefully at the food consumption of the birds we trapped; we chose 6 Fantails and 6 White-eyes to re-release.  Mid-day on the day after the translocation, we took these birds back out to their original trap location.  Most of the fantails flew out of the crate with hast… however, the White-eyes, always curious, usually eyed their surroundings prior to flying out of their crate.

A Golden White-eye, cautiously examining its surroundings before flying free.

A Rufous Fantail takes flight back at its original home.

 

While we were back at our netting sites, we were able to see check-up on the Bridled White-eye nest that was near trap 1… and we were very pleased to see that one chick had hatched and the 2nd egg was in the hatching process.  It looks like it will be another successful spring for the birds on Saipan.

A Bridled White-eye chick, and a second on the way!

Make sure you haven’t missed out! Read the rest of the series HERE!

Bird Conservation in Saipan:Even NASA would be jealous of our acronyms

Posted by in Bird Conservation in Siapan,Birds,Conservation,Endangered

Every industry has its own special lingo…. here is how I could tell you about my day in ‘our’ lingo…

 While in CNMI, the MAC team, in conjunction with DFW and AZA TAGs, works to provide different species for captive breeding as well as translocation.  On this trip our targets are GOWE and RUFA. 

"GOWE"

 
 
 
 

"RUFA"

 

We opened the nets at 6:00 AM ChST.  Throughout the day, every 15 minutes all the nets have to be checked and cleared of any non-target species.  Each time we walked out into the woods our excitement grew at the thought of catching our targeted species.  On the walks, we were also able to see active BRWE and RUFA nests.

BRWE Nest

RUFA nest

We would take turns going on the different net routes: nets 9, & 1-4, nets 10 and 11, or nets 5-8.  On the 3rd day of netting we added nets 12, 14, 15, & 16 to the mix to increase our trapping numbers.  And if you counted you may have noticed that we skipped net 13 – we did this intentionally, not as a superstition (as one might suspect), but net 13 is for “nature’s call” as we were out in the forest with no facilities other than trees near-by.

During the several days we were mist-netting, we also caught (and released) BRWE, MIST, COLK, WTGD, and MIHO.

BRWE

MIST

COLK

MIHO

For each of the target species that we caught a very specific protocol was followed.  Each person that was checking the nets had a special bag to hold and transport the bird back to base camp.  At camp, we put the birds into specialized transport boxes (with food and water) and labeled each bird with the net number and the time of trapping.  We used a GPS to mark all the netting sites, so we would be able to later include the exact trapping location in our data set. Once the birds were settled into the transport crates, we would transfer them back to the bird room for processing. 

COLK caught in a mist net

 
 
 

Trapped birds waiting in their individual bags to go in the crates.

 

Placing birds in the transport crates.

A transport crate ready to go and full of birds!

There is not a list of 100’s of bird species that inhabit this area; in fact the bird list numbers around 104 – 110 species.  One of the unique attributes of the CNMI is that each island has several endemic species (species that only occur on that island or those islands near-by).  Many of the birds that call CNMI home are listed on the IUCN as NT, VU, EN or CR (not to mention on near-by Guam the Micronesian Kingfisher is EW).   There are only a few forest bird species on the Island that we did not catch, namely MAFD and NIRW and one endemic species we did not see at all but heard… the MIME.  While driving to and from our netting sites, we did see several birds that are common to this are including WHTE, BRNO, and REHE.  While the possible list of species is not as long and diverse as the bird list for the Houston area, each sighting was a unique opportunity to see many bird species that not common, even in their native habitat.

Codes:

CNMI    Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
DFW      Department of Fish and Wildlife (for CNMI)

ChST      Chamorro Standard Time
MAC      Mariana Avifauna Conservation
AZA        Association of Zoos and Aquariums
TAG       Taxon Advisory Group
IUCN     International Union for Conservation of Nature
                EW         Extinct in the Wild
                CR           Critically Endangered
                EN          Endangered
                VU          Vulnerable
                NT          Near Threatened

AOU Banding Codes for Birds (with IUCN Red List Status)

GOWE   Golden White-eye (CR)
RUFA     Rufous Fantail
BRWE    Bridled White-eye (EN)
WTGD   White-throated Ground Dove (NT)
COLK     Collared Kingfisher
MIST      Micronesian Starling
MIHO    Micronesian Honeyeater
MAFD   Mariana Fruit Dove (EN)
NIRW    Nightingale Reed Warbler (CR)
MIME    Micronesian Megapode (EN)
WHTE    White Tern
BRNO    Brown Noddy
REHE      Pacific Reed Heron

Tiny RUFA chicks in the nest, four days after we first spotted the nest, shown previously.

 Want more information? Read the rest of the series by clicking HERE!

Naked as a Jaybird: A Look at Feather Growth in Baby Birds

Posted by in Babies,Birds

To continue our series on feathers, let’s take a look at how birds grow these marvels of bioengineering.  One of the best ways to understand this process, is to examine feather growth stages in altricial chicks.

Altricial chicks are often featherless (some species have sparse natal down), blind, and completely helpless when they hatch.  These chicks grow rapidly, thanks to an overwhelming food supply from the parents.

Below is a photo of a Blue-winged Kookaburra chick hatched at the Houston Zoo, soon after emerging from the egg.

A Blue-winged Kookaburra Chick

Once you get past the absolute alien appearance of these little guys, you may notice small white bumps on the skin of the bird, most prominent on the neck in this picture.  These bumps are called papillae and they form during embryonic development, or to put it simply, while the chick is growing in the egg.  These papillae eventually form follicles, and from these follicles, similar to human hair growth, feathers form.

You may be surprised, however, at how those feathers form.  The picture below is the same kookaburra chick, covered in pin feathers.

The same Kookaburra Chick!

The bird, no longer looking like an alien insect, now resembles a character from a horror movie, or a member of a great punk band.

During this stage, the developing feather is nourished by blood vessels that extend into the feather shaft, giving the pin feathers a very dark coloration.  These cells are alive and multiplying, but the cells eventually die as the feather grows, allowing them to harden and stand up to the pressures of the surrounding environment, and the blood supply is cut off once the feather is fully formed.  These growing feathers are densely packed in to a feather sheath, and when the sheath begins to break open, the feathers unfurl from the packaging.

This eruption of feathers can be seen below, in a photograph of a Golden-headed Quetzal chick:

Golden-headed Quetzal chick, with feathers unfurling from the feather sheath.

To best illustrate feather growth in chicks, check out this amazing series of photographs of growing Red Lorikeets by fellow bird keeper, Matt Schmit:

Red Lorikeets on hatch day

One Week Old

Three Weeks Old

Four Weeks Old

Five Weeks Old

Eight Weeks Old

In all of these chicks, you can easily see that feathers are growing from some areas of the skin, while other areas remain bare.  These areas, where the feathers emerge from the skin are called feather tracts, or pterylae.  The bare areas of skin are called apteria.

The prominent feather tracts of two Purplish-backed Jay chicks

The reasoning for this arrangement of feathers is simple.  It allows the birds to function with less feathers overall, somewhat like a ‘feather comb-over’, which drastically reduces the total weight of feathers, just another adaptation for flight.

Most birds have these large areas of featherless skin, but there are a few notable exceptions.  Penguins and ratites are uniformly covered in feathers. As flightless birds, they do not need to maintain their svelte figures and can boast as many feathers as possible to cover and protect their bodies.

The arrangement of feather tracts and bare skin is collectively known as pterylosis, and amazingly enough, this differs from one group of birds to another!  While we do not know the reasoning behind these differences, scientists can use feather tract patterns to determine how to classify and group birds.

By this point, you may be wondering where all those cute, fluffy baby birds are.  Not all chicks hatch, “naked as a jaybird”. The adorable chicks below are covered in natal down.

Congo Peafowl Chick

Flamingo chicks have thick white natal down.

These natal down feathers are essential to the survival of some chicks, providing insulation and camouflage.  While adult birds also have body down feathers, grown from follicles devoted to solely to the production of these down feathers, natal down grows out of the same follicles that eventually produce ‘typical’ feathers.  Often, these natal down feathers are actually on the tip of the typical feathers, and as those feathers grow, the soft fuzzy down drops away.

This can lead to a very awkward stage of development, during which a chick may be partially cute and fluffy, and partially pokey and pointy, such as the ibis chick below.

Waldrapp Ibis Chick with flight feathers growing from the wings.

As a general rule of thumb, all chicks are handled with extreme care, but during this feather growth period, it is especially important to have a gentle hand. It is quite evident that growing so many feathers at once is energy-consuming, uncomfortable, and really very itchy.
Now that we have covered how a bird grows these ‘typical’ feathers, our next step is learning about these contour feathers and their numerous functions.

Flamingo Chicks: Not Such a Baby Anymore

Posted by in Birds

Our Flamingo chicks are growing  rapidly.  In addition to all living together in the same pen, they are starting to eat their Flamingo Chow readily.  The adult flamingos are fed a special diet called Flamingo Breeder pellets made by Mazuri, a company that specializes in zoo food.  These pellets are specially formulated to meet the nutritional needs of the flamingos.  They also contain some of the micro-elements that help the flamingos maintain their pink coloration.

Flamingo chick now eating in the pool

 As the chicks grow, their bill takes on the “normal” crooked shape of a flamingo beak.  They also start to develop the fringe on their beaks and tongues that help them filter feed 

Close up of a flamingo chick beak

And their wing feathers start getting pink too.  They won’t get completely pink for about 5 years; but over the next several months they will go from mostly grey to mostly pink.  

A flamingo chick stretches it's wings

 Since our chicks are getting so big, it’s time for them to spend more of the day learning to be “real” flamingos. 

Flamingo chicks in the pool with the adults

So we are now taking them to the pool in the morning to eat with the adults – but do not fear, they will still be walking back to their off-exhibit home for a little while longer to be babied. 

So check the zoo’s daily schedule to see when our flamingos go on their walk because before long,  they will be all grown up.

 Written by Hannah Bailey

More Chicks at the Houston Zoo: Red Crowned Cranes

Posted by in Birds

On the 23rd and 24th of April, 2010, the Houston Zoo was proud to greet two new Red Crowned Cranes that hatched to our pair in the Houston Bird Department-Birds of the World!

Red Crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) is found in Eastern Asia in the countries of Russia, Mongolia, Japan, China as well as North and South Korea.  There are only about 1500 left in the wild making it the second rarest crane species.  These low numbers are due to the destruction of their marsh lands for rice paddies and the expansion of cities.

The cranes use these wetlands and swamps for finding food for their young.  Red Crowned Cranes will eat mostly small amphibians, mammals, invertebrates and insects as well as plants that grow in these marshes.  Red Crowned Cranes typically lay two eggs per clutch.  The incubation period is between 29-34 days and is done by both sexes.  The chicks will fledge after ninety-five days.

Our adult red crowned crane and it's chick

With Red Crowned Cranes it is very common to have early sibling rivalry where the siblings will try to exert their dominance over each other.  In captivity we try to make sure this does not escalate into injury by feeding the chick in two separate sides of their exhibit.  Red Crowned Crane parents are very good at separating their chicks during feedings where one chick will follow each parent.

Our chicks received soaked and chopped Mazuri Crane Diet (which consists of various grains and fish meal) as well as greens, pinkie mice and insects.  We fed them in a shallow pan while tossing crickets and meal worms to opposite sides of their exhibit. 

Lunch!

The parents will catch the insect and hold them out to their chicks, showing them what food to eat.  As they got older we fed them dry Mazuri Crane Diet just like their parents eat.

When the chicks hatched they were a light cinnamon color and very fluffy.  At about four months old they are almost as large as their parents. 

Fuzzy little Red Crownded Crane chick

The have lost most of the fluffiness to their new feather coat and are starting to turn lighter in color.   During the chicks second year they will get their adult plumage turning snow white with a jet-black tail.  At three to four years old they will be sexually mature to start the process over again.

Written by Josh Vandenberg

Flamingo Chicks: Sometimes Baby Gets Sick!

Posted by in Birds

Not everything about hand raising birds is fun and games.  Sometimes the chicks can get sick – but thankfully we have 4 vets on staff that we can count on to help us out when it happens.

Chick 6 (or “Green Head” as we marked him) is a little bit of a bully.  It was one that had to be kept in a brooder alone (but still next to all the other chicks) because every time we would put them all together, 6 would chase around and bite the other ones.  Until one day about 2 weeks ago….

We weigh the chicks every morning and every evening to make sure they are growing well.  Also, we carefully monitor their hydration and food intake.  About 2 weeks ago, Chick 6 was not gaining as much weight as everyone else and the chick’s appetite seemed to decrease.  About a day after we started really watching 6, we noticed that he (or she) sneezed a lot — but was otherwise active and lively.

The next morning was a completely different story!  When the keepers came in, Chick 6 was coughing and sneezing constantly, and having a really, really hard time breathing.  We called the vets immediately.

Without delay,  Chick 6 was moved to our vet clinic.  It seemed it was pneumonia.  The vet staff placed  it in a special holding area where it could receive oxygen constantly and be nebulized 4 times a day.

The little guy in a nebulizing chamber

The chick was still having trouble breathing, so the vets put in a “air sac canula.” This is basically a tube that is put into the air sac (on the side of the body) that allows the chick to breathe easier — a little like a person getting a tracheotomy.  This helped Chick 6 a lot! He was able to breathe a lot more and not be so stressed.

After a week of treatment (both oral antibiotics, anti-fungal medication and aerosolized medication for the chick’s lung), Chick 6 was able to be move to a holding area with out the oxygen.

The chick in it's holding cage

Just like the other chicks, Chick 6 got it’s exercise by running around to keep it’s strength up.

As it got better, Chick 6 got more strength and was able to play for longer periods at a time.

On Friday, August 13, Chick 6 was returned to the department to live with the 7 other flamingo chicks.  Yay!  He still has to be kept separated from the other chicks – but now it’s just because he’s still a little bit of a bully!!

The now-healthy chick, with Dr. Lauren Howard and Dr. Maryanne Tocidlowski

The Flamingo Gym

Posted by in Birds

Exercise for 30 minutes a day makes you grow big and strong.

Currently, it’s recommended that for a healthy lifestyle everyone should get at least 30 minutes of exercise a day.  This is not only true for people, but it is also true for our growing flamingos. 

Since flamingos have such long legs and grow so very quickly, it is easy for them to outgrow the strength of their legs. They have to be monitored each day to make sure they’re gaining enough weight, but not so much that it could possibly cause too much strain on those spindly gams. 

2-day-old chick

34-day-old chick

Above you can see just how dramatic their growth is. As they do, we provide them with that much more space to move around. Though the chicks may start in small plastic brooders, they soon take up residence in outside pens where there’s plenty of  space to flourish.  But even though they are in a larger area, we still have them get additional exercise in 2 main ways:  swimming and walking. 

The spacious pens mean room to grow

To help keep up their strength,  they are set out to play several times a day in a small swimming pool.  This allows them to bathe, eat, and socialize together. 

We also have them walk around the off-exhibit area to develop their coordination and make their legs strong.  They have learned to follow us and we use this to get them to run and play!

The next step to making sure they get enough exercise is taking them for longer walks – like out to the Flamingo Exhibit to swim in the large pool, and also to be introduced to the adult flamingos.

We can’t wait to have you see it, so stay tuned for the next post!

Is That Flamingo Egg Talking?

Posted by in Birds

As we hope you read in our first post  just a few days ago, we here at the Houston Zoo welcomed 10 Chilean Flamingo eggs not long ago. 

Once they arrived, we had to make sure they were kept in the right environment.  To do this, we put the eggs in an artificial incubator.  This machine keeps the eggs at around 99 º and rocks the eggs gently side to side once every hour.  

The incubator with flamingo eggs inside

When our eggs arrived at the zoo, we carefully candled them (we held the egg up to a bright light to see what the developing embryo was doing) and then placed them in the incubators. While the egg shown in the picture is not a flamingo egg, it still shows the embryo and the development of a chick in the eggs (the dark circular spot near the center is the chick’s eye).  

"Candling" the Flamingo egg to see the baby bird developing inside

Since the chicks’ hatching was looming, we also had to set up the room where they would spend the first several weeks of their life: the brooder room.  This is much like setting up the nursery when a new baby is coming home! Laundry has to be done, dishes have to be washed and beds have to be made.  We wanted to make sure everything was perfect for the new kids.   

New chicks are generally brooded (or kept warm) by their parents.  To simulate this we use “brooder boxes,” small plastic boxes that have a heater source to keep the chicks warm and comfortable.  For the flamingo chicks, we have been using brooders from www.petiatric.com; the owner was very kind and managed to get 3 new brooders shipped to Houston in just 2 days, so that the little flamingos’ homes would be ready.   

One of three new brooder boxes to help the babies grow

 One of the eggs had externally pipped on the way to Houston.  During the drive, Cory could hear the chick vocalizing in the egg.  This egg was placed into a hatcher – a machine that keeps the humidity high and the temperature at a constant 99 º, the optimal temperature for a hatching chick.   

As we placed the egg in the hatcher we could hear the chick vocalizing and see the egg rocking back-and-forth from the movement of the chick.  We had the good fortune to get a little snippet of it to show you! 
  

Make sure to come back for the next post to follow the chick’s progress. What do you think happens next?